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3D Movies

Scroll Wave
Visualization of a 3D scroll wave by following the spiral tips on all planes to form a vortex filament, whose curvature, twist, and torsion can be measured. This movie shows how the vortex filament is obtained at a fixed time by showing the spiral at different depths through tissue. The filament color indicates the local twist.
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Spiral Waves
Breakup of a 3D scroll wave due to twist instability in a medium with rotational anisotropy. See F.H. Fenton and A. Karma, Chaos 8, 20-46 (1998) and Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 481-484 (1998).
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Scroll Wave
Breakup of a 3D scroll wave due to negative tension in isotropic tissue in the low excitable limit. See V.N. Biktashev, A.V. Holden, and H. Zhang, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 347, 611-630 (1994).
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Spiral Waves
Once multiple vortices are present, the dynamics can become quite complex.Vortex rings can be created by conduction block and disappear.
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Spiral Waves
Created vortex rings can fuse with other vortex filaments with matching phase.
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Spiral Waves
A vortex ring can be created by a filament pinching off a small portion of itself.
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Spiral Waves
Breakup of a 3D scroll wave by patchy failure due to discrete effects (coarse spatial resolution). Nine evenly spaced parallel layers from the epicardium to the endocardium are shown.
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