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2D Movies

Spiral Waves
Propagating plane waves on a slab, with spatial and temporal recording.
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Timing is everything

Spiral Waves
Target pattern from a late premature stimulus following a plane wave.
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Spiral Waves
Target pattern from a late premature stimulus following a plane wave.
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Spiral Waves
Counter-rotating spiral waves induced by a carefully timed premature stimulus following a plane wave.
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Spiral Waves
Spiral breakup induced by a carefully timed premature stimulus following a plane wave. Two counter-rotating spiral waves are produced which subsequently break up into multiple waves. Equivalent to the transition from ventricular tachycardia to fibrillation.
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave trajectory as a function of tissue excitability. As the excitability is decreased from high to medium to low, the trajectory changes from linear to epicyclodial to circular. Cardiac excitability is known to decrease during ischemia, when the tissue's oxygen supply has been reduced.
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup due to APD oscillations (discordant alternans) produced by an APD restitution curve that is steep (slope > 1) over a wide range of diastolic intervals. Note that the breakup does not invade the area of the tip. See A. Karma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1103-1106 (1993).
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup produced by an APD restitution curve that is steep (slope > 1) over a narrow range of diastolic intervals. Breakup occurs close to the tip when the minimum diastolic interval is reached. See M. Courtemanche and A.T. Winfree, Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 1, 431-444 (1991).
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Spiral Waves
Second wave of repolarization (actually depolarization) produced by Doppler shift at the spiral tip. See F.H. Fenton, E.M. Cherry, H.M. Hastings, and S.J. Evans, Multiple mechanisms for spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity, in preparation.
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup produced by a meandering tip trajectory that causes Doppler shift. The long linear core makes the tissue appear anisotropic, while in fact it is isotropic. See L.J. Leon, F.A. Roberge, and A. Vinet, Annals of Biomedical Engineering 22, 592-609 (1994).
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup produced by a meandering tip trajectory and induced Doppler shift in the Luo-Rudy I model (with speeded up calcium dynamics). Note that the APD restitution curve is flat (slope < 1 for all diastolic intervals). See F.H. Fenton, E.M. Cherry, H.M. Hastings, and S.J. Evans, Multiple mechanisms for spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity, in preparation.
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup produced by a meandering tip trajectory and induced Doppler shift in the 3V-SIM fitted to the Luo-Rudy I model (with speeded up calcium dynamics). See F.H. Fenton, E.M. Cherry, H.M. Hastings, and S.J. Evans, Multiple mechanisms for spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity, in preparation.
Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup produced by memory in the APD restitution relation and low excitability. See F.H. Fenton, S.J. Evans, and H.M. Hastings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3964-3967 (1999).
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Spiral Waves
Spiral wave breakup produced by periodic boundary conditions along with a meandering spiral tip. In the movie, the periodicity is along the left and right edges. See F.H. Fenton, E.M. Cherry, H.M. Hastings, and S.J. Evans, Multiple mechanisms for spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity, in preparation.
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